This poses a problem for the free world, to revive an old Cold War term. If it wishes to intervene and the United Nations won’t let it, who can — and should — authorise such actions?

Kagan and McCain propose that a League of Democracies is needed for this very purpose. This has been denounced as a sinister, neo-con plot to undermine the United Nations and give America total freedom of action in world affairs. But that has things backwards. Kagan favours a League of Democracies as an alternative to the United States acting unilaterally. He is suggesting a check, not an aid to American power.

A League of Democracies sounds like a good idea on paper. But it is not a panacea. As the Iraq war demonstrated, democracies do not always think alike. Kagan does not address what the United States would do if a League of Democracies refused to authorise a US military intervention. But realistically, the United States will not accept even other democratic nations having a veto over its foreign policy. One wonders whether a League of Democracies could survive an Iraq-style moment.

The Return of History would be an important book even if Kagan was not an advisor to McCain. But seeing how influential his thinking is with the Republican nominee for President of the United States, it is essential reading.

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