The Return of History and the End of Dreams
Forward to the past
Robert KaganAtlantic, 105pp, £12.99,
James Forsyth on Robert Kagan's new book
When the planes flew into the Twin Towers many rushed to declare it the end of the end of history. But it was not. All the plans that emerged immediately afterwards about how to remake the Middle East were premised upon the assumption that history was at an end; that the world was moving inexorably towards liberal, market democracy. Indeed, al-Qa’eda’s nihilism appeared to prove that in the war of ideas, democracy’s dominance remained unchallenged. It seemed that the 9/11 attacks, far from marking the end of the end of history might actually have speeded its arrival.
Today, though, the world looks starkly different. For the first time in a quarter of a century, democracy is on the back foot and facing a serious ideological challenge. China’s rise has provided developing countries with an alternative model, a resurgent Russia is challenging our conception of the term democracy and Iraq is showing just how difficult it is to introduce it.
The Return of History and the End of Dreams tackles this subject with the same panache that Robert Kagan brought to discussing the trans-Atlantic divide in the influential Of Paradise and Power. Kagan, John McCain’s most intellectually influential foreign policy advisor, revealingly dedicates far more of this short book to the threat posed to the democratic hegemony by China and Russia than to radical Islam.
The return of ideological competition among the great powers means that the United Nations once more has, to borrow a joke from Yes Minister, the engine of a lawnmower and the brakes of a Rolls- Royce. China and Russia are hardly likely to agree with the ‘responsibility to protect’, the idea that countries have the right to intervene in the sovereign affairs of other states to protect citizens from their own governments. The Chinese and the Russians have combined to block UN approval for intervention in Kosovo in 1999 and even today are stalling any meaningful attempts to bring humanitarian aid to the Burmese population.
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Karl Kraut
May 30th, 2008 5:06pmJust imagine, had Russia and China intervened humanitarily in the US after the New Orleans hurricane-disaster! Nowadays, them having become capitalist countries, are—thank goodness— not promoting that competing communist imperialist ideology anymore. It's just that they haven't yet developed the statist class, whose business is extorting taxes, that we yet can call them 'developed democracies'. Anyway, Rupert Murdoch is apparently more or less endorsing Obama, anxious to prohibit warmongerer McCain & crony Kagan being a threat to China & his business interests over there. And that's the good news for all of us that love peace, prosperity & freedom!
Thomas O. Meehan
June 1st, 2008 1:02amThe return of ideological competition? Does Forsyth really believe that the Russians are exporting the ideology of Russianness, or the Chinese are exporting the thought of Mao? Please. There is no ideological competition, just the competition of competing powers for resources and influence. The only thing these powers have in common is their rejection of mass-Democracy as practiced in the declining societies of West.
Kagan is just another armchair warrior beating the drum for a new cold war to provide further employment for his fellow neo-cons.
S.M. Stirling
June 11th, 2008 8:29amRussia's population is dropping by 1% a year and China's isn't far behind.
Dying nations of geezers aren't much of a long-term threat.