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Forty years on from Tet: how the US won Vietnam

Wednesday, 30th January 2008

Stanley Johnson returns to Vietnam four decades after the offensive that shattered American confidence in the war — but reflects that the US went on to win the cultural battle

In the United States, the Tet offensive had a devastating impact on public opinion. President Lyndon Johnson might have proclaimed: ‘We cannot be defeated by force of arms. We will stand in Vietnam.’ But at the end of April 1968, he announced — in a televised addressed to the nation — that he would not run again for President. Robert McNamara, Secretary of State for Defense and one of the principal architects of the war, left to run the World Bank. The 1968 Tet offensive marked the beginning of the end of American efforts to ‘win’ the war in Vietnam. After that, the only way out lay at the negotiating table.

I first visited the now reunified Vietnam in 1991 when I toured the country as a guest of the Vietnam National Women’s Revolutionary Committee. Hanoi then was still a delightful backwater. You could buy a meal from a street vendor for 20 American cents. The bicycle was the principal, often the only, mode of transport. Decent places to stay were few and far between. The Metropolitan Hotel, one of the loveliest relics of the French colonial era, had survived the bombing but it needed a substantial upgrade. The Hanoi ‘Hilton’, a sinister square building in the middle of town, was the place where the American POWs were held.

Back then, even in the economically more vibrant south, the trauma of the war was never very far away. On that first visit, I flew from Hanoi to Ho Chi Minh City (the new name for Saigon) to learn about the efforts the government was making in the field of health and family planning. One afternoon some senior female cadres (the Party was very much in control) took me to visit a clinic in a village in the Mekong Delta, an area where so much of the fighting had taken place. I spent a long afternoon meeting village leaders and hearing about the various programmes on offer. From time to time, groups of schoolchildren would appear to chant revolutionary slogans.

For me, the most poignant moment occurred as we drove in a battered jeep back into HCMC. My official host, a woman of about 40, sitting beside me in the back of the vehicle, suddenly burst into song. The interpreter explained: ‘Mrs Nguyen is singing about how when Ho Chi Minh died the nation’s heart burst with grief and all the birds fell from the branches of the trees.’

We were driving along a narrow country lane at the time, weaving our way between buffalo carts and peasants on bicycles. Moments later, we crossed a rickety wooden bridge and I could see the water below. The interpreter went on to tell me: ‘During the war, Mrs Nguyen was one of the leaders of the guerrillas in this area.’

I had a sudden vision of a younger, possibly slimmer, black-pyjama-clad Mrs Nguyen breathing under water through a rice-straw beneath the very bridge we had just crossed, and hoping against hope that some American GI wasn’t going to throw a grenade into the river just for the hell of it.

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Vietnamese

January 31st, 2008 2:22pm

The thing is Westerners didn't and still don't get it, Vietnamese have never been anti-American, for goodness sake, Ho Chi Minh's opening line of the Declaration of Independence was a quote from the American one.

Ian

February 1st, 2008 3:22am

I suggest when next in Ha Noi a visit to the the Ethnology Museum will be illuminating. On the ground floor is an exhibition of the subsidised economy period (Bao Cap)that was instituted after 1976 until the 'doi moi opening of the economy in 1986 This exhibition tells graphically of the privations suffered by all Vietnamese when this command economy regime ruled - a bar of soap was a luxury beyond compare for example. Now of course it is a 'market economy with socialist tendencies' and is booming. I too wondered why on earth that American war was fought.

dexey

February 1st, 2008 7:05pm

The war was fought to stop communist expansian in SE Asia and because the sainted Pres. Kennedy could do no wrong.
Capitalism was always going to win. It improves the majority of people's lives.

Jo

February 2nd, 2008 11:11am

Interesting you still think in terms of winning and losing. Couldn't the war simply be an obscene intrusion into other people's lives?

david bennet

February 2nd, 2008 12:14pm

If we seriously believe that our way of life is better and more attractive than anyone else's, then we should just get on with living and wait for them to notice. Of course, we have to do it properly, and that means protectionism should be out and open borders in. But, to adapt George W. Bush: 'If you're not with us ... well, you will be, eventually!'

SPENCER

February 2nd, 2008 1:13pm

It's a pity that all the smart guys in the Pentagon and the Bush Government did not draw any lessons from Vietnam.If they adopted a more subtle approach to the Middle East things might have been different. Surely the days are gone when America can be the gun-slinger, Texan or otherwise. Get away from the old mind-set and your country will win more 'cultural wars'

Paul Gourju

February 2nd, 2008 4:02pm

Forty years ago, on the night of 30–31 January 1968, the Liberation Army, as it is now known here, launched its famous Tet offensive...My official host, a woman of about 40 sitting beside me in the back of the vehicle, suddenly burst into song. The interpreter went on to tell me: ‘During the war, Mrs Nguyen was one of the leaders of the guerrillas in this area.’ I had a sudden vision of a younger, possibly slimmer, black-pyjama-clad (more probably in swaddling cloths) Mrs Nguyen breathing under water through a rice-straw…precautious non?

Sonya Porter

February 2nd, 2008 7:56pm

How sad. Even your revered magazine has got it wrong. The only thing the Americans did wrong in Vietnam was to allow themselves to be defeated, not by the Communist forces of the north but by their own untutored, unworldly university students. It was all so simple. In 1954 the French were defeated and left Vietnam. There were then talks in Paris and finally it was decided to split the country into Communist North and Democratic South. The south, when I got there in 1963, was a vibrant,becoming-wealthy, almost too-democratic country with 24 political parties in the Parliament and 16 daily papers. But the Northern Communists started to move into the south and President Ngo then did two things. He put in place some laws which eventually ended in the priests burning themselves and a curtailing of democracy, and he also invited the Americans to send experts to train the Southern troops which had been excluded from defence forces during the French colonial period. However, the Southern Vietnamese troops could not be trained quickly enough and with the Communists rapidly taking over the north of South Vietnam, the President then asked the American to send troops. Yes, the Americans made mistakes as all troops do, but while I was in Saigon in 63 and 64, they were welcomed. It was still a time when the Domino Theory was in force, the fear that if one country in the far east fell to the Communists, the rest would follow and the South Vietnamese had fought the French and the Paris talks to achieve democracy. But the Students backed the Communists and American was defeated. My Vietnamese friends had the hell of a time after the fall of Saigon and I shall never forgive those stupid, blind students who knew nothing of life.

Andy Dyer

February 2nd, 2008 10:03pm

Incredible though it may seem, Americans learnt nothing atall from their sensational defeat by a bunch of peasants fresh out of the jungle. Ask them some time and hear them splutter.

Or ask them how many people died - 9 out of 10 will say 58,000. Tell them they're out by a factor of 50 and they'll look blank and accuse you of being a commie.

B, Phillips

February 3rd, 2008 4:11am

Can best be described as a totalitarian free market, with a wealthy aristocracy composed of party members; no free press, no free education or health care. Much as the regime in China and seems to be the ultimate fate of all communist regimes.

heavy kevvie

February 3rd, 2008 6:52am

what malarky,the americans LOST the war against the vietnamese.this was a war of guns,ideology and liberation from colonialism.no matter how much blood,treasure and bombs the US threw into vietnam they left defeated.vietnam has changed due to more influences from all over the world than just america.


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