Allan Mallinson

Why did Hitler’s imperial dreams take Stalin by surprise?

The Führer had long sought lebensraum in the east, and his reneging on the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was only to be expected, as two new books on Barbarossa argue

German troops advance into Russia in 1941, the swastika serving as identification to their covering aircraft. Credit: Alamy 
issue 15 May 2021

The most extraordinary thing, still, about Operation Barbarossa is the complete surprise the Wehrmacht achieved. In the early hours of 22 June 1941 the largest invasion force in history, ultimately some three million men, struck at the Soviet Union on a front of nearly 2,000 miles. When Stalin was woken with the news, he wouldn’t believe it.

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