Surviving the Middle Passage

The Book of Negroes, an historical romance, creates an unforgettably vivid picture of the Atlantic slave trade and the philanthropists who sought to oppose it. The novel opens in Africa in the year 1745. Aminata Diallo, a midwife’s daughter, has been abducted from her village in present-day Mali and marched in chains to a slave ship, where she is sold to white traders. In the course of the two-month voyage to America, she witnesses a violent shipboard slave revolt, yet is miraculously able to survive the Middle Passage, before reaching Carolina.

Plantation life in the American south, with its hierarchy of skin tones ranging from black to cinnamon to white, is precisely evoked by Lawrence Hill, himself a Canadian of mixed-race background. In pages of harrowing description, sugar merchants are seen to appraise their ‘cargo’ like cattle, prodding and poking orifices for signs of disease. Few in pre-independence America, let alone Britain, acknowledged that each sweet teaspoonful dissolved in tea was an added measure of black mortality.

Interestingly, ‘The Book of Negroes’ is an actual document. It was created by British naval officers in 1793, near the end of the American revolutionary war, in order to register some 3,000 African slaves in America who professed loyalty to the British crown. By becoming Loyalists, these Africans hoped to escape from New York to Canada, and eventually win their freedom. Aminata is among them.

At last set free, she arrives in Nova Scotia to work as a ‘baby-catcher’ (midwife), before journeying on to Sierra Leone, and thence to England. In London she meets William Wilberforce (and notes his sincere Christian smile). Along the way, Hill introduces other real-life characters from the slaving era. Solomon Lindo, indigo inspector for South Carolina, is a distant forebear of Chris (Lindo) Blackwell of Island Records, who ‘discovered’ the rock-reggae of Bob Marley.